Work

JUN 2026

Argues unregulated ad-targeting, not the platforms, let Russia’s 2015-2017 Facebook campaign reach 126 million Americans for about $100,000, and that Congress banning TikTok while letting the Honest Ads Act die every session since 2017 is a double standard, not a security policy.

APR 2026

Brooking’s section, “Europe has dodged a bullet,” argued Russian intelligence had interfered extensively for Orbán through astroturfing and social-media manipulation, and that only the scale of Tisza’s landslide victory averted the political chaos Moscow and Trump-aligned Americans were positioned to exploit.

WITH DANIEL FRIED, JÖRN FLECK, EMMA NIX ET AL.

APR 2026

Under “The losers,” Brooking reported that Russian intelligence had interfered extensively for Orbán via astroturfing and social-media manipulation; under “The aftermath,” he warned that the sixteen-year regime’s networks would likely try again despite Magyar’s decisive win.

WITH DANIEL FRIED, JÖRN FLECK, AND EMMA NIX

APR 2026

A Common Crawl audit finds Pravda propaganda archived 40,000 times by late 2025 (up from 37 a year earlier); Llama 3.1 405B reproduced a false RT bioweapons-lab claim from the archive nearly verbatim.

JAN 2026

Opening the roundup under “AI poisoning goes mainstream,” Brooking argued that Russia’s Pravda network, which publishes millions of articles across more than eighty countries to target AI training data rather than human readers, has already gotten its content cited in Wikipedia, X Community Notes, and chatbot answers — a problem he predicted would break into the mainstream in 2026.

WITH TESS DEBLANC-KNOWLES, KONSTANTINOS KOMAITIS, RYAN PAN ET AL.

APR 2025

Three experts on how the defense enterprise should weigh speed against security in its communications, in War on the Rocks’ members-only In Brief exchange.

WITH MACKENZIE EAGLEN AND ERIK SCHUH

MAR 2025

A Telegram hub called ‘Forbidden Channel’ coordinated 4,484 fake Facebook and Telegram accounts posting 15,000+ comments to brand President Maia Sandu corrupt and cast EU integration as a threat to sovereignty.

WITH VICTORIA OLARI

JAN 2025

Ten Atlantic Council experts split on the TikTok Supreme Court case: some cite a CCP-enabled backdoor and surveillance risk, others say the security case was never substantiated and a ban would harm the open internet.

WITH GRAHAM BROOKIE, SHELLY HAHN, KENTON THIBAUT ET AL.

NOV 2024

DFRLab found 2024 foreign interference outpaced 2016 and 2020: Russia ran Doppelganger, China targeted down-ballot races on X and Facebook over TikTok, and domestic misinformation moved opinion more than either.

WITH DINA SADEK, GRAHAM BROOKIE, AND KENTON THIBAUT

OCT 2024

An open-source database cataloging allegations of foreign interference in the 2024 U.S. election, tracking claims involving Russia, Iran, and China across major platforms. Each entry is scored against an 18-point attribution framework and DFRLab’s six-category Breakout Scale for reach and impact.

WITH MAX RIZZUTO ET AL.

JUL 2024

Kremlin spokespeople and Telegram channels spun the Trump shooting within hours, forging a shooter-Ukraine link and reviving civil-war predictions — opportunistic exploitation, not a coordinated campaign, DFRLab found.

WITH ETO BUZIASHVILI, ANDY CARVIN, AND RUSLAN TRAD

MAY 2024

The Atlantic Council’s line-by-line markup of the State Department’s first cyberspace strategy, endorsing its digital-solidarity framing while noting it remains, for now, more statement of purpose than actualized impact.

WITH SAFA SHAHWAN EDWARDS, ROSE JACKSON, KONSTANTINOS KOMAITIS ET AL.

DEC 2023

How platform design shaped the first days of the Israel-Hamas war. Hamas’s al-Qassam Brigades posted 6,000 Telegram messages in 72 hours as its subscriber base grew 50 percent; Telegram, X, Meta, and TikTok each produced a distinct, distorted version of the conflict.

WITH LAYLA MASHKOOR AND JACQUELINE MALARET

DEC 2023

How the Israel-Hamas war fused physical and digital fronts: Israel’s 9,500 platform takedown requests (94% granted) and an 80% collapse in Gaza’s internet traffic, prefiguring China’s “cognitive warfare” doctrine.

WITH P.W. SINGER

OCT 2023

In a curated X thread headed “Israel’s information blockade on Gaza will challenge how we think about war,” Brooking compared the blockade to Russia’s siege of Mariupol, arguing it would fragment public awareness and obscure primary-source material even as pro-Palestinian speech volume rose, not fell.

WITH DAVID DAOUD, WILLIAM F. WECHSLER, DAVID MACK ET AL.

SEP 2023

The 2023 DoD Cyber Strategy, argue its own drafters, quietly drops decades of “cyber Pearl Harbor” alarmism for modest aims: the Pentagon can’t defend every network, and cyber works only alongside other tools of power.

WITH ERICA LONERGAN

APR 2022

A December 2020 draft executive order would have had the Pentagon seize voting machines nationwide, using fabricated claims that Dominion Voting Systems was foreign-controlled as pretext to federalize the National Guard.

MAR 2022

Meta’s leaked guidance briefly allowed calls for violence against Russian soldiers (not POWs) in Ukraine, echoing earlier carve-outs for the Taliban and ISIS — a policy a garbled Reuters headline helped Russia use to ban Instagram.

DEC 2021

Israeli security services have arrested roughly 2,000 Palestinians for social media posts since 2017, while pressure campaigns pushed Facebook toward a definition of antisemitism that chills criticism of Israeli policy.

WITH ELIZA ASPEN

AUG 2021

Traces two decades of Taliban propaganda, from 2005’s Al Emarah press releases through livestreamed 2015-2016 Kunduz battles, arguing the 2021 takeover was tactical modernization of one message, not a new ideology.

MAR 2021

The declassified intelligence assessment of 2020 election interference shows the threat evolving: Russia dropped the WikiLeaks-style cutouts and pitched influence directly to Trump allies, Iran grew more aggressive, and China judged meddling not worth the risk.

MAR 2021

The Election Integrity Partnership’s flagship report on misinformation and the 2020 election, drawing on 859 million collected tweets and 639 incident tickets to trace how the “stolen election” meta-narrative built toward January 6. Brooking co-led DFRLab’s contributing team, one of the partnership’s four institutions.

FEB 2021

A DFRLab timeline tracing the “Stop the Steal” movement from its 2016 origins under Roger Stone to the January 6 Capitol attack: how false claims of a stolen 2020 election, amplified by Donald Trump, converged with hyperpartisan media, the Proud Boys, Three Percenters, QAnon, and the Boogaloo Bois. Written by Jared Holt and edited by a DFRLab team including Brooking.

JAN 2021

Written in the wake of January 6: Americans spent 2020 fearing foreign election interference — 75 percent told Pew so — while years of domestic disinformation built the “tinderbox of rage and delusion” that produced the Capitol attack.

WITH JACOB SHAPIRO

JAN 2021

Under “Are online crackdowns coming?” Brooking noted that Facebook and Twitter locked Trump’s accounts only around 4pm on January 6, after the Capitol had already been breached, and predicted Twitter would remove him outright on his next violation, calling earlier disinformation-flagging efforts “of limited utility” in fast-moving events like the riot.

WITH JARED HOLT AND GRAHAM BROOKIE

JAN 2021

Written for the morning after January 6: the Capitol attack was a victory for the far right — a mythologized rallying point that will outlast Trump and pull the movement toward anti-state violence.

OCT 2020

A synthesis of a Lawfare/Stanford debate on whether foreign influence operations are real or an overblown “disinformation complex” — both camps agree the core vulnerability is domestic polarization, not foreign meddling.

OCT 2020

A DFRLab analysis of coverage of the unverified Hunter Biden laptop story in the closing weeks of the 2020 campaign, tracing how the same material split sharply along partisan media lines — a case study in the extremes of the U.S. information environment.

SEP 2020

The first FIAT: an interactive, open-source database cataloging allegations of foreign interference in the 2020 U.S. presidential election. Each claim ran through a six-part assessment of its credibility, bias, and evidentiary basis, letting contradictory attributions be weighed side by side.

WITH ALYSSA KANN ET AL.

AUG 2020

The Senate Intelligence Committee urged restraint on foreign interference, while Sen. Ron Johnson ran his own Ukraine probe that became a vehicle for Kremlin-linked operatives to launder disinformation targeting Biden.

WITH GRAHAM BROOKIE

JUL 2020

How domestic disinformation about antifa during the 2020 George Floyd protests was repurposed by foreign actors: an Iranian opposition group’s false Tehran-funding claim drove 77 percent of related tweets in three weeks, while Turkish state media tied antifa to Kurdish militants.

WITH ALYSSA KANN AND ZARINE KHARAZIAN

JUN 2020

Written as the George Floyd protests peaked: 12,000 antifa-referencing articles and videos drew 27 million shares in two weeks, three-fourths from right-leaning outlets, as tweets tying antifa to “terrorism” jumped from 21,000 to 173,000 in a single day.

FEB 2020

How Iran built a digital influence apparatus atop the IRIB’s $750 million broadcasting empire: by January 2020, platforms had attributed 766 Facebook pages with 5.4 million followers and 7,896 Twitter accounts pushing 8.5 million messages to Tehran.

WITH SUZANNE KIANPOUR

FEB 2020

A classification framework comparing 60 political disinformation campaigns across 150 variables spanning target, platform, content, method, and intent. Facebook hosted the most cases; Russian campaigns ran nearly three times the 2.5-year average.

WITH ALYSSA KANN ET AL.

OCT 2019

A Russian Instagram operation reaching 147,000 US users, boosting Sanders while tarnishing Biden, repeats 2016 — but inside the primary, the meddling accusation itself becomes a weapon Democrats turn on each other.

AUG 2019

A DFRLab audit of Act.IL, an app assigning pro-Israel social-media “missions,” found its reach thin during the May 2019 Gaza escalation: five targeted tweets averaged 12 retweets against 17,500 registered users.

WITH MELISSA HALL

MAY 2019

The Trump administration cited free-speech concerns to skip the 2019 Christchurch Call on online extremism, then hours later attacked platforms for removing white nationalist content, reversing 2017 anti-ISIS pledges.

APR 2019

John Earnest posted his manifesto and an 8chan announcement two hours before the April 2019 Poway synagogue shooting, copying the Christchurch attacker’s playbook down to the meme-laden writing and attempted livestream.

APR 2019

Twitter mentions of Candace Owens outpaced mentions of white nationalism after she sparred with Rep. Ted Lieu at an April 2019 hearing on hate crimes, drowning out Google and Facebook testimony on content moderation.

WITH MELISSA HALL

OCT 2018

In 1979, a chain email asking ARPANET researchers their favorite science fiction authors became, in Vint Cerf’s words, proof ‘we had a social medium on our hands’ — the direct ancestor of the internet we know today.

WITH P.W. SINGER

OCT 2018

Applies Clausewitz’s “center of gravity” — a people’s spirit and will — to explain why social media succeeds at wartime persuasion where WWII radio and Vietnam-era leaflets failed. Coins the term “LikeWar.”

WITH P.W. SINGER

OCT 2018

By 2018, most Americans had tuned out the Afghanistan war — Trump tweeted about the NFL anthem six times more often than the conflict, and its most viral moment was mockery of the MOAB’s nickname.

WITH P.W. SINGER

OCT 2018

Michael Flynn, interviewed as a former DIA director, describes intelligence’s shift toward open-source data — a conversation held before his fall as Trump’s National Security Adviser.

WITH P.W. SINGER

OCT 2018

The Kavanaugh fight replayed information-war tactics: OSINT crowdsourcing into his finances, a doppelganger theory echoing Russia’s MH17 disinformation, and dueling Wikipedia edits over “Devil’s Triangle.”

WITH P.W. SINGER

JUL 2018

During the family-separation protests, Twitter banned a crowdsourced ICE-agent database as “doxing” while suspending users who merely shared a journalist’s leaked phone number — proof its neutrality was always a fiction.

WITH P.W. SINGER

DEC 2016

Presidents expect fast, iterative options; the military delivers fully staffed plans on a slower clock. This CFR report addresses the mismatch with six fixes, from terminology training to clearer lines between formal orders and informal requests.

WITH JANINE DAVIDSON AND BENJAMIN FERNANDES

NOV 2016

ISIS’s #AllEyesOnISIS propaganda, Russian troll farms and RT disinformation, and China’s two million internet censors are converging into a new kind of information warfare, echoing the nationalism that preceded 1914.

WITH P.W. SINGER

DEC 2015

How ISIS built a social-media strategy of intimidation (viral execution videos), reassurance (Instagram’s Cats of Jihad), and recruitment (Dabiq magazine) — and the moderators, hackers, and spies working to counter it.

WITH P.W. SINGER

NOV 2015

Profiles the Anonymous-descended hacktivists fighting the Islamic State online, including the bot-driven @CtrlSec Twitter operation and GhostSec, which fed leads to the FBI and claims to have downed 149 ISIS sites.

SEP 2015

A law written to cover nineteen 9/11 hijackers now underwrites counterterrorism operations across a quarter of the world’s nations; with bin Laden dead, it argues the AUMF needs rewriting, not indefinite renewal.

APR 2015

Churchill’s faith in naval bombardment, a vague political mandate, and General Hamilton’s refusal to plan for failure turned the 1915 Gallipoli landings into an eight-month catastrophe costing 250,000 casualties for four miles of ground.

MAR 2015

Proposes a Bitcoin-funded bounty system, run through an independent nonprofit, paying hacktivists like Anonymous to identify and disable Islamic State social media accounts, recruiting sites, and VPN channels.

OCT 2014

The Afghan Special Immigrant Visa program is set to lapse Dec. 31 after granting just 32 visas to 5,700 applicants in four years, while two bills to extend it stall in Congress.

WITH JANINE DAVIDSON

JAN 2014

A review of Defense Logistics Agency fuel procurement, covering market engagement, governance structure, and final product distribution. Assesses previously proposed reforms and recommends new ones, drawn from consultation with petroleum industry leaders.

NOV 2013

As the Pentagon carries out its sharpest personnel drawdown in forty years, post-9/11 veterans face 10 percent unemployment, 20 percent among those 18-24, even as the GI Bill and federal hiring offer less of a safety net.

MAY 2011

An evaluation of Roman anti-revolt strategy, 216 BC to AD 72, read through the lens of contemporary counterinsurgency theory. Roman history, economy, values, force disposition, and acculturation practices are weighed in turn, supported by fourteen case studies.